Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) was a German philosopher best known for his pessimistic philosophy and his work The World as Will and Representation. Schopenhauer’s outlook was deeply influenced by his view that human life is characterized by suffering, driven by insatiable desires. He advocated for a life of asceticism and detachment from worldly pleasures as a means to mitigate suffering. His ideas were influenced by Eastern philosophies, particularly Buddhism and Hinduism, which emphasized the importance of reducing desires to achieve a more peaceful existence.

Despite his bleak outlook, Schopenhauer’s work on happiness in “The Art of Being Happy” presents a more pragmatic approach to life. He suggests that happiness can be achieved not through acquiring more but through appreciating less and avoiding unnecessary suffering. His influence extends far beyond philosophy, impacting literature, psychology, and even popular culture.