Epictet (c. 55–135 AD) was a Greek philosopher born into slavery but later freed, becoming one of the most influential stoic thinkers. His teachings were orally transmitted, with his pupil Arrian compiling his ideas into two major works: the Discourses and the Enchiridion (known as “Manualul”). Epictetus emphasized the importance of focusing on what is within our control—our judgments, desires, and actions—and disregarding what is outside of it, such as wealth, fame, or the opinions of others. His philosophy encourages personal responsibility and self-discipline as paths to freedom and inner peace .

Epictetus’ life, marked by adversity, shaped his stoic teachings. He believed that suffering and hardship were natural parts of life but could be overcome through rational thought and emotional detachment. Although he did not leave any written works himself, his legacy endures through the recordings of his students, continuing to inspire readers with his pragmatic approach to life’s challenges.